Java中泛型的有界类型?
每当您要将类型参数限制为特定类的子类型时,都可以使用有界类型参数。如果仅将类型(类)指定为有界参数,则当前泛型类仅接受该特定类的子类型。这些在Java中被称为泛型中的有界类型。
定义类的有界类型
您可以通过在角括号内将类型扩展为所需的类来声明绑定参数-
class Sample <T extends Number>
示例
在以下Java示例中,泛型类Sample使用有限参数将类型参数限制为Number类的子类。
class Sample <T extends Number>{ T data; Sample(T data){ this.data = data; } public void display() { System.out.println("Data value is: "+this.data); } } public class BoundsExample { public static void main(String args[]) { Sample<Integer> obj1 = new Sample<Integer>(20); obj1.display(); Sample<Double> obj2 = new Sample<Double>(20.22d); obj2.display(); Sample<Float> obj3 = new Sample<Float>(125.332f); obj3.display(); } }
输出结果
Data value is: 20 Data value is: 20.22 Data value is: 125.332
现在,如果将其他类型作为参数传递给此类(例如,String),则将生成编译时错误。
示例
public class BoundsExample { public static void main(String args[]) { Sample<Integer> obj1 = new Sample<Integer>(20); obj1.display(); Sample<Double> obj2 = new Sample<Double>(20.22d); obj2.display(); Sample<String> obj3 = new Sample<String>("Krishna"); obj3.display(); } }
编译时错误
BoundsExample.java:16: error: type argument String is not within bounds of type-variable T Sample<String> obj3 = new Sample<String>("Krishna"); ^ where T is a type-variable: T extends Number declared in class Sample BoundsExample.java:16: error: type argument String is not within bounds of type-variable T Sample<String> obj3 = new Sample<String>("Krishna"); ^ where T is a type-variable: T extends Number declared in class Sample 2 errors
定义方法的有界类型
就像使用类来定义泛型方法的有界类型参数一样,在extend关键字之后指定它们。如果传递的类型不是指定边界类型的子类,则将生成错误。
示例
在下面的示例中,我们将Collection<Integer>类型设置为类型参数的上限,即此方法接受所有(整数类型的)集合对象。
import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.Iterator; public class GenericMethod { public static <T extends Collection<Integer>> void sampleMethod(T ele){ Iterator<Integer> it = ele.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { System.out.println(it.next()); } } public static void main(String args[]) { ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); list.add(24); list.add(56); list.add(89); list.add(75); list.add(36); sampleMethod(list); } }
输出结果
24 56 89 75 36
现在,如果将collection以外的其他类型作为类型化参数传递给此方法,则会生成编译时错误。
示例
public class GenericMethod { public static <T extends Collection<Integer>> void sampleMethod(T ele){ Iterator<Integer> it = ele.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { System.out.println(it.next()); } } public static void main(String args[]) { ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); list.add(24); list.add(56); list.add(89); list.add(75); list.add(36); sampleMethod(list); Integer [] intArray = {24, 56, 89, 75, 36}; sampleMethod(intArray); } }
编译时错误
GenericMethod.java:23: error: method sampleMethod in class GenericMethod cannot be applied to given types; sampleMethod(intArray); ^ required: T found: Integer[] reason: inferred type does not conform to upper bound(s) inferred: Integer[] upper bound(s): Collection<Integer> where T is a type-variable: T extends Collection<Integer> declared in method <T>sampleMethod(T) 1 error